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Dentifrices and Mouthwash
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| Dentrifices and Mouthwash |
Dentrifices-- These
are the agents or mechanical aids which are available as tooth powder, paste,
or gel and used with tooth brush to cleanse and polish natural teeth. They are
prepared in the form of bulk powder and containing soap or detergent and mild
abrasive agent which should have maximum cleansing efficiency with minimum
tooth abrasion.
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| Dentrifices |
Properties
of an Ideal Dentifrice
1.
An ideal dentifrice should assist the toothbrush to mechanically remove debris,
soft deposits and stains from the teeth.
2.
It should be non-decalcifying and nonoverabrasive to the teeth.
3.
It should impart a polished surface to the teeth.
4.
It swallowed, it should be nonpoisonous to the body as a whole and also to the
mucous membrane.
5.
Should have pleasant taste and odour and having sufficient cleansing property.
6.
Should help to reduce caries, maintain healthy gingiva, improve aesthetics and
reduce mouth odours. For getting all these properties in one single oral
preparation, the following ingredients/agents are used together.
1.
Abrasive agents
These
are fine dental preparations used to help the scouring action to toothbrush
mechanically. And, abrasion is defined as the wearing away of a substance or
structure through a mechanical process, such as grinding, rubbing or scrapping.
The abrasives is made into a paste and supplied in a tube. Abrasives used in
dentistry can be classified into three categories.
(i)
Finishing abrasives- They are hard, coarse abrasives which are used initially
to develop contour and remove gross irregularities e.g. coarse stones.
(ii)
Polishing abrasives- They have fine particle size and less hard than abrasive
used for finishing. They are used for smoothening the surfaces that have been
roughened by coarse stones e.g. pumice, polishing cakes etc.
(iii)
Cleansing abrasives- They are soft materials with small particle size and are
used to remove soft deposits that adhere to enamel or restorative material.
Commonly
used abrasives are:
(i)
Pumice- It is a highly siliceous material of volcanic origin and is used either
as an abrasive or polishing agent depending upon particle size. It consists of
aluminium, potassium and sodium chiefly. It is available as pumice with
glycerine and its use ranges from smoothening dentures to polishing teeth in
the mouth.
(ii)
Emery- It consists of a natural oxide of aluminium called corundum. The
different impurities e.g. iron oxide present in it also act as an abrasive.
(iii)
Aluminium oxide- It can be replaced by emery for abrasive purpose. Pure alumina
which is manufactured from bauxite (an impure aluminium oxide) is also used as
a polishing agent.
(iv)
Chalk/precipitated calcium carbonate- Chalk is a calcium carbonate prepared by
precipitation method. Various grades of precipitated calcium carbonate is
available depending upon its fineness, weight and colour. It is mild abrasive
and used to give final polish to silver amalgam fillings. The other abrasive
agents used are tin oxide, chromic oxide, sand, carbides (silicon carbide and
boron carbide), zirconium silicate, zinc oxide, garnet, rouge (fine red powder
of iron oxide), kieselgurh, tripoli, magnesium oxide, hydrated silica etc.
2.
Humectants-- These are the agents which are used to keep paste from drying out
e.g. glycerine, sorbitol, propylene glycol etc.
3.
Detergents and foaming agents-- These are cleansing agents and decreases
surface tension of dentrifrice. Most common detergent used in dentistry is
sodium lauryl sulfate. They cause loosening of debris which adhere to teeth and
also dissolving fatty substances and mucous plaques. They also act as an
lubricant when scrubbed over the teeth.
4.
Binders Carboxy methyl cellulose is the most commonly used binder in the dental
preparation.
5.
Sweetening agents-- Artificial sweeteners such as sorbitol saccharin is used as
synthetic sweetening agent which is more palatable having no food value and can
be used by diabetic patients.
6.
Antiseptics/therapeutic agents-- Certain antiseptic and therapeutic agents
(such as sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, strontium chloride, urea, dibasic
ammonium phosphate, are used in dentrifrices for their anticarcinogenic,
bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions.
7.
Coloring and flavoring agents-- Certain coloring agents (methylene blue
(0.001%), magenta (0.05%) and flavoring agents (peppermint, clove etc.) are
also used to make the preparation more attractive, palatable and acceptable.
8.
Preservatives-- To preserve the quality and stability, certain preservative
e.g. methyl paraben etc. are also used in dental preparations.
Dentrifices and Mouthwash
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| Mouthwash |
Mouthwashes
are aqueous concentrated solutions containing one or more active ingredients
and excipients. They are used by swishing the liquid in the oral cavity.
Approximately 15–30 ml. of mouthwash are used for single mouthful of rinse for
about a minute. Mouthwashes can be used for therapeutic and cosmetic purpose.
Therapeutic mouthwashes are used to reduce plaque, dental caries, gingivitis
and stomatitis while cosmetic mouthwashes are used to reduce bad breath and it
contains used antimicrobial and/or flavoring agent.
Mouthwashes
other than used for cosmetic purpose, should only be used under the direction
of physician/dentist since it contains certain medicines. Mouthwashes contain
the following ingredients and excipients:
Alcohols—It
is used in the range of 10- 20%. Alcohol enhances the flavor, aids in masking
the unpleasant taste of certain ingredients and also serve as solubilizing
agent and preservative.
Humectants—Humectants
such as glycerine and sorbitol (5-20% of the
mouthwashes)
increase the viscosity of the preparation and enhance the sweetness of
the
final product. It also enhances the preservative property of the product along
with alcohol.
Surfactants—Non-anionic
surfactant e.g. polyoxyethylene derivative of sorbitol, fatty acid esters may
be used over anionic surfactant e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate. They aid in the
solubilization of flavours and in the removal of debris by its foaming action.
Certain other agents e.g. cetylpyridinium chloride (cationic surfactant) is
used for its antimicrobial property.
Flavouring
agents— Flavouring agents e.g. peppermint, spearmint, menthol,
cinnamon,
oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate) are used in conjunction with alcohol and
humectants to overcome disagreeable taste.
Colouring
agents— Certain colouring agents (e.g. methylene blue, magenta etc.) are used
in mouthwashes for pleasing colour.
Medicated
mouthwashes—Mouthwashes are also being used as a dosage form in certain
specific conditions in oral cavity e.g.
(i)
Mouthwashes containing a combination of antihistaminics, corticosteroids,
antimicrobial agent (nystatin, tetracycline etc.) have been prepared from
commercially available syrups, suspensions, solutions, powders for the
treatment of stomatitis.
(ii)
Mouthwashers containing allopurinol for the treatment of stomatitis.
(iii)
Pilocarpine for dry mouth.
(iv)
Amphotericin B for oral candidiasis.
(v)
Tranexamic acid for prevention of bleeding after oral surgery.
(vi)
Chlorhexidine gluconate for control of plaque.
(vii)
Hexetidine for its antibacterial and antifungal property.
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